Wrap-up for week 4 of November

Here it is....


Monday - Contracts - Agency II
Tuesday - Contracts - Expression of Intent II
Wednesday - Contracts - Expression and Pre-drafted Contractual Terms II
Thursday - Contracts ... Offer and Revocation of an Offer III
Friday - Contracts ... Offer and Revocation of an Offer IV
Saturday - Contracts - Acceptance and Revocation of an Acceptance IV

Contracts - Acceptance and Revocation of an Acceptance IV

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

Acceptance and Revocation of an Acceptance 4

Civil Code:

Article

第 160 條

遲到之承諾，除前條情形外，視為新要約。

將要約擴張、限制或為其他變更而承諾者，視為拒絕原要約而為新要約。

Article 160

An acceptance which arrives late, except under the circumstances in the preceding article, shall be deemed to be a new offer.

An acceptance with amplifications, limitations or other alterations shall be deemed to be a refusal of the original offer and the making of a new offer.

Vocabulary

遲到 [chídào] /to arrive late/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

承諾 [chéngnuò] /promise (to do something)/

除…外 [chú…wài] /except/

前 [qián] /before/in front/ago/former/previous/earlier/front/

條 [tiáo] /article/

情形 [qíngxing] /circumstances/situation/

視為 [shìwéi] /(v) deem/see as/regard as/

新 [xīn] /new/newly/

要約 [yàoyuē] /offer/

將 [jiāng] /把/

擴張 [kuòzhāng] /(v) expand /

限制 [xiànzhì] /(impose) restrictions/to limit/to bound/to restrict/

或 [huò] /or/

為 [wéi] /to make/

其他 [qítā] /other/else/

變更 [biàngēng] /change/alter/modify/

而 [ér] /and/

者 [zhě] /if/

拒絕 [jùjué] /to refuse/to decline/to reject/

原要約 [yuányàoyuē] /original offer/

Contracts ... Offer and Revocation of an Offer IV

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

Offer and Revocation of an Offer 4

Civil Code:

Article

第 155 條

要約經拒絕者，失其拘束力。

Article 155

An offer ceases to be binding if it is refused.

Vocabulary

要約 [yàoyuē] /offer/

經 [jīng] /to undergo/

拒絕 [jùjué] /to refuse/to decline/to reject/

者 [zhě] /if/

失 [shī] /to lose/

其 [qí] /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

拘束力 [jūshùlì] /bindingness/binding force

Article

第 156 條

對話為要約者，非立時承諾，即失其拘束力。

Article 156

An offer made inter presentes ceases to be binding if it is not accepted at once.

Vocabulary

對話 [duìhuà] /dialog/inter presentes/

為 [wéi] /是/

要約 [yàoyuē] /offer/

者 [zhě] /if/

非 [fēi] /non-/not-/un-/

立時 [lìshí] /immediately/at once/

承諾 [chéngnuò] /promise (to do something)/

即 [jí] /then/

失 [shī] /to lose/

其 [qí] /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

拘束力 [jūshùlì] /bindingness/binding force/

Contracts ... Offer and Revocation of an Offer III

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

Offer and Revocation of an Offer 3

Civil Code:

Article

第 154 條

契約之要約人，因要約而受拘束。但要約當時預先聲明不受拘束，或依其情形或事件之性質，可認當事人無受其拘束之意思者，不在此限。

貨物標定賣價陳列者，視為要約。但價目表之寄送，不視為要約。

Article 154

A person who offers to make a contract shall be bound by his offer except at the time of offer he has excluded this obligation or except it may be presumed from the circumstances or from the nature of the affair that he did not intend to be bound.

Exposing goods for sale with their selling price shall be deemed to be an offer. However, the sending of pricelists is not deemed to be an offer.

Vocabulary

契約 [qìyuē] /agreement/contract/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

要約人 [yàoyuērén] /contract offeror/promiser/

因 [yīn] /cause/reason/because/

要約 [yàoyuē] /offer/

而 [ér] /語氣詞,無義/

受 [shòu] /to bear/to stand/to endure/

拘束 [jūshù] /(v) restrict; limit/to be bound/

但 [dàn] /but/yet/however/only/merely/still/

當時 [dāngshí] /then/at that time/while/

預先 [yùxiān] /beforehand/prior/

聲明 [shēngmíng] /statement/declaration/

不受 [bùshòu] /to be exempt/

或 [huò] /or/

依 [yī] /according to/depend on/

其 [qí] /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

情形 [qíngxing] /circumstances/situation/

事件 [shìjiàn] /event/happening/incident/

性質 [xìngzhì] /nature/characteristic/

可 [kě] /can/may/able to/certain(ly)/

認 [rèn] /to recognize/to know/to admit/

當事人 [dāngshìrén] /persons involved or implicated/party (to an affair)/

無 [wú] /-less/not to have/no/none/not/to lack/un-/

意思 [yìsī] /idea/opinion/meaning/

者 [zhě] /-ist, -er (person)/person (who does sth)/

不在此限 [bùzàicǐxiàn] /shall not be subject to this restriction/

貨物 [huòwù] /goods/commodity/merchandise/

標定 [biāodìng] /demarcate/demonstrate/indicate/

賣 [mài] /to sell/

價 [jie] /price/

陳列 [chénliè] /display/exhibit/

視為 [shìwéi] /(v) deem/see as/regard as/

價目表 [jiàmùbiǎo] /(marked) price list/

寄送 [jìsòng] /to send/to transmit/

Contracts - Expression and Pre-drafted Contractual Terms II

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

More Civil Code:

Interpretation of Expression and Pre-drafted Contractual Terms

Article

第 98 條

解釋意思表示，應探求當事人之真意，不得拘泥於所用之辭句。

Article 98

In the interpretation of an expression of intent, the real intention of the parties must be sought rather than the literal meaning of the words.

Vocabulary

解釋 [jiěshì] /explanation/to explain/to interpret/to resolve/

意思表示 [yìsībiǎoshì] /expressed intention/declaration of will/

應 [yìng] /shall/

探求 [tànqiú] /to explore/to search out/to investigate/to persue/

當事人 [dāngshìrén] /persons involved or implicated/party (to an affair)/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

真意 [zhēnyì] /real intention/true intention/

不得 [bùdé] /must not/may not/not be allowed/cannot/

拘泥 [jūní] /rigidly adhere/

於 [yú] /at/

所 [suǒ] /(relative pronoun)/(particle introducing a relative clause)/

用 [yòng] /to use/

辭句 [cíjù] /expression/wording/

Study

A contract may be express or implied. In an express contract, the existence and terms of the contract are stated in words or the writings of the parties. In an implied contract, the real intent is inferred from the conduct of the parties, and this is what is sought in contracts in Taiwan.

解釋is used to define a term. Other similar methods of defining a term in a contract or article are:

所謂 – so-called

所稱 － referred to

稱 - 叫、叫做。如：「稱呼」、「稱兄道弟」。

稱…..者 - 稱月或年者….The month or the year specified in this code….

Contracts - Expression of Intent II

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

Expression of Intent explained in the Civil Code:

Article

第 94 條

對話人為意思表示者，其意思表示，以相對人了解時，發生效力。

Article 94

An expression of intent inter presents becomes effective at the moment when the person to whom it is made understands it well.

Vocabulary

對話人 [duìhuàrén] /speaker/expressor/

為 [wèi] /to make/to do/

意思表示 [yìsībiǎoshì] /expressed intention/declaration of will/

者 [zhě] /-ist, -er (person)/person (who does sth)/

其 [qí] /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

以 [yǐ] /according to/so as to/in order to/by/

相對人 [xiāngduìrén] /the concerned person/

了解 [liǎojiě] /understand/come to understand/

時 [shí] /when/

發生 [fāshēng] /to happen/to occur/to take place/

效力 [xiàolì] /(n) positive effect; efficacy/binding effect/

Study

意思表示 is defined as a declaration of will or more simply an offer. This Article explains that when the offeror’s(表意人) offer is understood by the concerned party(相對人) the offer becomes binding. Also, the use of 對話人assumes that the offer is made ‘inter presents’ and not ‘inter absents’ as expressed below.

Article

第 95 條

非對話而為意思表示者，其意思表示，以通知達到相對人時，發生效力。

但撤回之通知，同時或先時到達者，不在此限 。

表意人於發出通知後死亡或喪失行為能力或其行為能力受限制者，其意思表示，不因之失其效力。

Article 95

An expression of intent inter absents becomes effective at the moment when the notification of the expression reaches such other party, except when the withdrawal of the notification previously or simultaneously reaches such other party.

The fact that after the notification of the expression the expresser dies, or becomes no capacity to make juridical acts, or is limited in capacity to make juridical acts, shall not null the expression of intent.

Vocabulary

非 [fēi] /non-/not-/un-/

對話 [duìhuà] /dialog in real time/

而 [ér] /語氣詞,無義/

為 [wèi] /to make/to do/

意思表示 [yìsībiǎoshì] /expressed intention/declaration of will/

者 [zhě] /-ist, -er (person)/person (who does sth)/

其 [qí] /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

以 [yǐ] /according to/so as to/in order to/by/

通知 [tōngzhī] /notify/inform/notice/notification/

達到 [dádào] /to reach/to achieve/to attain/

相對人 [xiāngduìrén] /the concerned person/

時 [shí] /when/

發生 [fāshēng] /to happen/to occur/to take place/

效力 [xiàolì] /(n) positive effect; efficacy/binding effect/

但 [dàn] /but/yet/however/only/merely/still/

撤回 [chèhuí] /withdraw/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

同時 [tóngshí] /at the same time/simultaneously/

或 [huò] /or/

先 [xiān] /early/prior/former/in advance/first/

到達 [dàodá] /to reach/to arrive/

不在此限 [bùzàicǐxiàn] /shall not be subject to this restriction/

表意人 [biǎoyìrén] /expressor/

於 [yú] /in/at/

發出 [fāchū] /to send out/to issue/

後 [hòu] /back/behind/rear/afterwards/after/later/

死亡 [sǐwáng] /death/deadly/

喪失 [sàngshī] /lose/forfeit/

行為能力 [xíngwéinénglì] /capacity/capacity of disposition/disposing capacity/

受 [shòu] /to bear/to stand/to endure/

限制 [xiànzhì] /(impose) restrictions/to limit/to bound/to restrict/

不因之失［效］ [bù zhī yīn shī xiào] /shall not nullify/

Contracts - Agency II

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

Articles in the Civil Code regarding agency:

Article

第 103 條

代理人於代理權限內，以本人名義所為之意思表示，直接對本人發生效力。

前項規定，於應向本人為意思表示，而向其代理人為之者，準用之。

Article 103

An expression of intent which an agent makes in the name of the principal within the scope of his delegated power takes effect directly to the principal.

If an expression of intent which is required to be made to the principal is made to his agent, the provision of the preceding paragraph shall be mutatis mutandis applied.

Vocabulary

代理人 [dàilǐrén] /agent/

於 [yú] /in/at/

代理 [dàilǐ] /acting (temporarily filling a position)/

權限 [quánxiàn] /(n) limits to rights/

內 [nèi] /inside/inner/internal/within/interior/

以 [yǐ] /to use/according to/so as to/in order to/by/with/because/

本人 [běnrén] /principal/

名義 [míngyì] /(do something) in (someone`s) name/

所 [suǒ] /語氣詞,無義/

為 [wèi] /to make/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

意思表示 [yìsībiǎoshì] /expressed intention/declaration of will/

直接 [zhíjiē] /direct (opposite of indirect)/immediate/directly/straightforward/

對 [duì] /to be opposite/to oppose/to face/for/to/

發生 [fāshēng] /to happen/to occur/to take place/

效力 [xiàolì] /(n) positive effect; efficacy/binding effect/

前 [qián] /before/in front/ago/former/previous/earlier/front/

項 [xiàng] /sub-paragraph/

規定 [guīdìng] /provision/to fix/to set/to formulate/to stipulate/to provide/

應 [yìng] /shall/

向 [xiàng] /towards/to/

而 [ér] /and/as well as/but (not)/yet (not)/however/

其 [qí] /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

者 [zhě] /-ist, -er (person)/person (who does sth)/

之 [zhī] /it/

準用 [zhǔnyòng] /shall apply, where appropriate, to …/apply mutatis mutandis/

Grammar Points:

內

The character 內 in this sense means ‘within’ as in ‘within the scope of rights’(權限內)We can see more examples in the following articles within the Civil Code:

第 1092 條

（委託監護人）

父母對其未成年之子女，得因特定事項，於一定期限內，委託他人行使監護之職務。

Article 1092

In regard to a minor child, parents may authorize another person to perform the function of a guardian for specific matters and within a fixed period.

第 1158 條

（償還債務之限制）

繼承人在前條所定之一定期限內，不得對於被繼承人之任何債權人償還債務。

Article 1158

An heir shall not, within the specified period of time provided by the preceding Article, make repayment to any of the deceased's creditors.

Wrap-up for week 3 of November

Here it is......

Monday - The Constitution - Mainland Affairs II
Tuesday - The Constitution - Territory II
Wednesday - The Constitution - Sovereignty and Welfare II
Thursday - Contracts - Capacity IV
Friday - Contracts - Capacity V
Saturday - Contracts - Capacity VI

Contracts - Capacity VI

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

Capacity 3

Here is the final installment of capacity as relating to the Civil Code:

Article

第 77 條

限制行為能力人為意思表示及受意思表示，應得法定代理人之允許。但純獲法律上之利益，或依其年齡及身份、日常生活所必需者，不在此限。

Article 77

The making or receiving of an expression of intent of a person who is limited in capacity to make juridical acts must be approved by his guardian, except when the expression of intent relates to the pure acquisition of a legal advantage, or to the necessaries of life according to his age and status.

Vocabulary

限制行為能力人 [xiànzhì xíngwéi nénglìrén] /a person who has limited juridical capacity /

為 [wéi] /to make/

意思表示 [yìsībiǎoshì] /expressed intention/declaration of will/

及 [jí] /and/

受 [shòu] /to receive/

應 [yīng] /must/

得 [dé] /to get/to obtain/

法定代理人 [fǎdìng dàilǐrén] /lawful agent/lawful guardian/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

允許 [yǔnxǔ] /to permit/to allow/

但 [dàn] /but/yet/however/only/

純 [chún] /pure/simple//genuine/

獲 [huò] /to obtain/to acquire/

法律上 [fǎlüshàng] /legal/de jure/

利益 [lìyì] /benefit/(in someone`s) interest/

或 [huò] /or/

依 [yī] /according to/depend on/near to/

其 [qí] /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

年齡 [niánlíng] /(a person`s) age/

身份 [shēnfèn] /identity/status/

日常 [rìcháng] /daily/everyday/

生活 [shēnghuó] /life/activity/

所 [suǒ] /語氣詞,無義/

必需 [bìxū] /essential/indispensable/

者 [zhě] /-ist, -er (person)/person (who does sth)/

不在此限 [bùzàicǐxiàn] /shall not be subject to this restriction/

Study:

The following are common law terms you may encounter in the Civil Code:

不在此限 /shall not be subject to this restriction/

第 26 條

（法人權利能力）

法人於法令限制內，有享受權利、負擔義務之能力。但專屬於自然人之權利義務，不在此限。

Article 26

Within the limits prescribed by acts and regulations, a juridical person is capable of enjoy rights and assume duties with the exception of those rights and obligations which are exclusively appertaining to natural persons.

不可抗力 /force majeure/

第 645 條

（運送物喪失時之運送費）

運送物於運送中，因不可抗力而喪失者，運送人不得請求運費，其因運送而已受領之數額，應返還之。

Article 645

The carrier is not entitled to the freight of goods which arc lost by force majeure during transportation. Whatever has been received for that purpose shall be returned.

依下列規定 /pursuant to the following regulations/

第 875-2 條

為同一債權之擔保，於數不動產上設定抵押權者，各抵押物對債權分擔之金額，依下列規定計算之：

Article 875- 2

If a mortgage is created on multiple real properties for the purpose of securing the same claim, the amount to be apportioned toward the claim from each of the mortgaged properties shall be calculated as follows:

準用 /shall apply, where appropriate, to/

第 895 條

（準用處分抵押物之規定）

第八百七十八條之規定，於動產質權準用之。

Article 895

The provisions of Article 878 shall apply mutatis mutandis to pledges of personal property.

Contracts - Capacity V

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

Capacity 2

More laws pertaining to capacity in the Civil Code:

Article

第 76 條

無行為能力人由法定代理人代為意思表示，並代受意思表示。

Article 76

A person who has no capacity to make juridical acts shall be represented by his guardian for making or receiving an expression of intent.

Vocabulary

無行為能力人 [wúxíngwéi nénglìrén] /a person who has no juridical capacity/

由 [yóu] /follow/from/reason/cause/because of/due to/

法定 [fǎdìng] /(adj) legal; of a legal nature/

代理人 [dàilǐrén] /agent/

代 [dài] /substitute/replace/

為 [wèi] /to make/

意思表示 [yìsībiǎoshì] /expressed intention/declaration of will/

並 [bìng] /and/

受 [shòu] /to receive/

Study:

The civil code of Taiwan separates juridical capacity into 4 types:

無行為能力人 A person who has no juridical capacity

限制行為能力人 A person with limited juridical capacity

行為能力人 A person with juridical capacity

禁治產人 Interdicted – no juridical capacity

According to Article 13 of the Civil Code the ages for the above mentioned persons are as follows

無行為能力人 0-6

限制行為能力人 7-20

行為能力人 20+ or persons who are minors but have married(According to Article 980 - 18 for men and 16 for women)

More articles pertaining to capacity in the Civil Code:

第 15 條

（禁治產人之能力）

禁治產人，無行為能力。

Article 15

Those who are interdicted have no capacity to make juridical acts.

第 13 條

（未成年人及其行為能力）

未滿七歲之未成年人，無行為能力。

滿七歲以上之未成年人，有限制行為能力。

未成年人已結婚者，有行為能力。

Article 13

The minor, who has not reached their seventh year of age, has no capacity to make juridical acts.

The minor, who is over seven years of age, has a limited capacity to make juridical acts.

The married minor has the capacity to make juridical acts.

Contracts - Capacity IV

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

The next few articles will be dedicated to the articles of the Civil Code pertaining to contracts.

Capacity 1

Article

第 75 條

無行為能力人之意思表示，無效；雖非無行為能力人，而其意思表示，係在無意識或精神錯亂中所為者亦同。

Article 75

The expression of intent of a person who has no capacity to make juridical acts is void. An expression is also void which is made by a person who, though not without capacity to make juridical acts, in a condition of unconsciousness or mental disorder.

Vocabulary

無行為能力人 [wúxíngwéi nénglìrén] /a person who has no juridical capacity/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

意思表示 [yìsībiǎoshì] /expressed intention/declaration of will/

無效 [wúxiào] /not valid/ineffective/in vain/

雖 [suī] /although/even though/

非 [fēi] /non-/not-/un-/

而 [ér] /rather/but/

其 [qí] /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

係 [xì] /is/

在 [zài] /(before verbs) immediately involved in/

無意識 [wúyìshì] /unconsciously/

或 [huò] /or/

精神錯亂 [jīngshéncuòluàn] /insanity/

中 [zhōng] /while (doing sth)/during/

所 [suǒ] /such/the aforementioned/

為 [wéi] /to make/

者 [zhě] /的/

亦 [yì] /also/

同 [tóng] /like/same/similar/together/alike/with/

Character study:

亦

相當於「也」、「也是」

者

人或事物的代稱。如：「記者」﹑「作者」

雖

雖然、儘管。表示容忍讓步。孟子˙滕文公上：「詩曰：周雖舊邦，其命惟新」

係

是 - 如：「確係」、「實係」

Examples of above, can be found in the Civil Code:

第 346 條

（買賣價金）

價金雖未具體約定，而依情形可得而定者，視為定有價金...

Article 346

Although the price is not fixed concretely by the agreement, if it may be decided from the circumstances, it is deemed to be fixed…..

第 167 條

（意定代理權之授與）

代理權係以法律行為授與者...

Article 167

If authority of agency is conferred by a juridical act….