Contracts - Guardianship II

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The following are laws regarding guardianship in the Civil Code:

Article

第 78 條

限制行為能力人未得法定代理人之允許，所為之單獨行為，無效。

Article 78

A unilateral act made by a person limited in capacity to make juridical acts without the approval of his guardian is void.

Vocabulary

限制行為能力人 [xiànzhì xíngwéi nénglìrén] /a person who has limited juridical capacity /

未 [wèi] /not yet/did not/have not/not/

得 [dé] /obtain/get/

法定代理人 [fǎdìng dàilǐrén] /lawful agent/lawful guardian/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

允許 [yǔnxǔ] /to permit/to allow/

所 [suǒ] /而/however/

為 [wéi] /to make/

單獨行為 [dāndúxíngwéi] /unilateral act/

無效 [wúxiào] /not valid/ineffective/in vain/

Study:

This article states that an act made by a person with limited capacity (7歲-20歲) without the approval of his guaradian is void.

Article

第 79 條

限制行為能力人未得法定代理人之允許，所訂立之契約，須經法定代理人之承認，始生效力。

Article 79

A contract made by a person limited in capacity to make juridical acts without the approval of his guardian is valid upon the acknowledgement of the guardian.

Vocabulary

限制行為能力人 [xiànzhì xíngwéi nénglìrén] /a person who has limited juridical capacity /

未 [wèi] /not yet/did not/have not/not/

得 [dé] /obtain/get/gain/

法定代理人 [fǎdìng dàilǐrén] /lawful agent/lawful guardian/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

允許 [yǔnxǔ] /to permit/to allow/

所 [suǒ] /而/however/

訂立 [dìnglì] /agree to (treaty, contract, agreement)/

契約 [qìyuē] /agreement/contract/

須 [xū] /beard/necessary/must/

經 [jīng] /to undergo/to get/to obtain/

承認 [chéngrèn] /recognize/to acknowledge/to admit/

始 [shǐ] /only/a necessary condition/

生效力 [shēngxiàolì] /to take effect/to go into effect/to have binding effect/

Contracts - Rescission II

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Civil Code:

Article

第 255 條

依契約之性質或當事人之意思表示，非於一定時期為給付不能達其契約之目的，而契約當事人之一方不按照時期給付者，他方當事人得不為前條之催告，解除其契約。

Article 255

If according to the nature of the contract or the expression of intent of the parties, the purpose of the contract can not be accomplished if not performed within the fixed period, and if one of the parties does not perform the contract within that period, the other party may rescind the contract without giving the notice specified in the preceding article.

Vocabulary

依 [yī] /according to/depend on/

契約 [qìyuē] /agreement/contract/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

性質 [xìngzhì] /nature/characteristic/

或 [huò] /or/

當事人 [dāngshìrén] /persons involved or implicated/party (to an affair)/

意思表示 [yìsībiǎoshì] /expressed intention/declaration of will/

非 [fēi] /non-/not-/un-/

於 [yú] /in/at/

一定 [yīdìng] /certain/fixed/

時期 [shíqī] /a period in time/period/time (interval)/phase/

為 [wéi] /to make/

給付 [jǐfù] /give/pay/performance/

不能 [bùnéng] /cannot/must not/should not/

達 [dá] /attain/achieve/reach/realize/

其 [qí] /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

目的 [mùdì] /purpose/aim/goal/target/objective/

而 [ér] /and/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

一方 [yīfāng] /one side/one party/

不 [bù] /(negative prefix)/not/no/

按照 [ànzhào] /according to/in accordance with/in the light of/on the basis of/

者 [zhě] /-ist, -er (person)/person (who does sth)/

他方 [tāfāng] /the other/

得 [dé] /may/

前 [qián] /before/in front/ago/former/previous/earlier/front/

條 [tiáo] /article/

催告 [cuīgào] /summon exhortation/give notice/

解除 [jiěchú] /remove/relieve (someone of their duties)/

Contracts - Compensation for Damage II

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Civil Code:

Article

第 213 條

負損害賠償責任者，除法律另有規定或契約另有訂定外，應回復他方損害發生前之原狀。

因回復原狀而應給付金錢者，自損害發生時起，加給利息。

第一項情形，債權人得請求支付回復原狀所必要之費用，以代回復原狀。

Article 213

Unless otherwise provided by the act or by the contract, a person who is bound to make compensation for an injury shall restore the injured party to the status quo before the injury.

If the restoration of the status quo ante shall be paid in money, interest shall be added from the time of the injury.

Under the circumstances of the first paragraph, the creditor may claim the necessary expenses for restoration instead of the restoration.

Vocabulary

負 [fù] /to bear/

損害賠償 [sǔnhàipéicháng] /compensation for damages/

責任 [zérèn] /responsibility/blame/duty/

者 [zhě] /-ist, -er (person)/person (who does sth)/

除…外 [chú…wài] /except/

法律 [fǎlü] /law/

另 [lìng] /other/another/separate/separately/

有 [yǒu] /to have/there is/there are/to exist/to be/

規定 [guīdìng] /to stipulate/

或 [huò] /or/

契約 [qìyuē] /agreement/contract/

訂定 [dìngdìng] /to agree/to conclude/to draw up/

應 [yìng] /shall/

回復 [huífù] /to revert/

他方 [tāfāng] /the other/

發生 [fāshēng] /to happen/to occur/to take place/

前 [qián] /before/in front/ago/former/previous/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

原狀 [yuánzhuàng] /former state/original state/original condition/

因 [yīn] /cause/reason/because/

復原 [fùyuán] /heal/recovery/restitution/reconstruction/

而 [ér] /語氣詞,無義/

給付 [jǐfù] /give/pay/performance/

金錢 [jīnqián] /(n) money; currency/

自…時起 [zì…shí qǐ] /from/

加 [jiā] /to add/plus/

利息 [lìxi] /(n) interest on money/

第一 [dìyī] /first/No. 1 /

項 [xiàng] /paragraph/

情形 [qíngxing] /circumstances/situation/

債權人 [zhàiquánrén] /creditor/

得 [dé] /may/

請求 [qǐngqiú] /request/

支付 [zhīfù] /pay (money)/

所 [suǒ] /語氣詞,無義/

必要 [bìyào] /necessary/essential/indispensable/required/

費用 [fèiyòng] /cost/expenditure/expense/

以 [yǐ] /to use/

代 [dài] /substitute/replace/

Contracts - Change of Circumstances II

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Civil Code:

Article

第 227-2 條

契約成立後，情事變更，非當時所得預料，而依其原有效果顯失公平者，當事人得聲請法院增、減其給付或變更其他原有之效果。

前項規定，於非因契約所發生之債，準用之。

Article 227- 2

If there is change of circumstances which is not predictable then after the constitution of the contract, and if the performance of the original obligation arising therefrom will become obviously unfair, the party may apply to the court for increasing or reducing his payment, or altering the original obligation.

The provision in the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis to the obligation not arising from the contract.

Vocabulary

契約 [qìyuē] /agreement/contract/

成立 [chénglì] /establish/set up/

後 [hòu] /after/

情事變更 [qíngshìbiàngèng] /change of circumstances/

非 [fēi] /non-/not-/un-/

當時 [dāngshí] /then/at that time/while/

所 [suǒ] /語氣詞,無義/

得 [dé] /may/can/be able to/

預料 [yùliào] /anticipate/

而 [ér] /and/

依 [yī] /according to/depend on/

其 [qí] /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

原有效果 [yuányǒuxiàoguǒ] /original effect/

顯 [xiǎn] /prominent/conspicuous/

失 [shī] /to lose/to miss/to fail/

公平 [gōngpíng] /fair/impartial/

者 [zhě] /-ist, -er (person)/person (who does sth)/

當事人 [dāngshìrén] /persons involved or implicated/party (to an affair)/

聲請 [shēngqǐng] /confront/ask/challenge/

法院 [fǎyuàn] /court of law/court/

增 [zēng] /to increase/to expand/to add/

減 [jiǎn] /to lower/to decrease/to reduce/to subtract/to diminish/

給付 [jǐfù] /give/pay/performance/

或 [huò] /or/

變更 [biàngēng] /change/alter/modify/

其他 [qítā] /other/else/

有 [yǒu] /to have/there is/there are/to exist/to be/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

效果 [xiàoguǒ] /result/effect/

前 [qián] /before/in front/ago/former/previous/earlier/front/

項 [xiàng] /paragraph/

規定 [guīdìng] /provision/

於 [yú] /in/at/

因 [yīn] /because/

所 [suǒ] /(adding emphasis)/

發生 [fāshēng] /to happen/to occur/to take place/

債 [zhài] /debt/

準用 [zhǔnyòng] /shall apply, where appropriate, to …/apply mutatis mutandis/

Contracts - Performance and Non-performance II

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Civil Code:

Article

第 220 條

債務人就其故意或過失之行為，應負責任。

過失之責任，依事件之特性而有輕重，如其事件非予債務人以利益者，應從輕酌定。

Article 220

The debtor shall be responsible for his acts, whether intentional or negligent.

The extent of responsibility for one's negligence varies with the particular nature of the affair; but such responsibility shall be lessened, if the affair is not intended to procure interests to the debtor.

Vocabulary

債務人 [zhàiwùrén] /debtor/

就 [jiù] /for/

其 [qí] /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

故意 [gùyì] /deliberately/on purpose/

或 [huò] /or/

過失 [guòshī] /neglegent/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

行為 [xíngwéi] /action/conduct/behavior/activity/

應 [yìng] /shall/

負責任 [fùzérèn] /responsibility for/

責任 [zérèn] /responsibility/blame/duty/

依 [yī] /according to/

事件 [shìjiàn] /event/happening/incident/

特性 [tèxìng] /property/characteristic/

而 [ér] /語氣詞,無義/

有 [yǒu] /to have/there is/there are/to exist/to be/

輕重 [qīngzhòng] /degree/

如 [rú] /if/

非 [fēi] /non-/not-/un-/

予以 [yúyǐ] /to give/

利益 [lìyì] /benefit/(in someone`s) interest/

者 [zhě] /-ist, -er (person)/person (who does sth)/

從 [cóng] /from/obey/observe/follow/

酌定 [zhuódìng] /make a decision as one thinks fit/decide according to one's judgment/

Contracts - Deposit and Penalty II

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Civil Code:

第 248 條

訂約當事人之一方，由他方受有定金時，推定其契約成立。

Article 248

When one of the parties to a contract receives earnest money from the other, the contract is presumed to be constituted.

Vocabulary

訂約 [dìngyuē] /establishing a contract/

當事人 [dāngshìrén] /persons involved or implicated/party (to an affair)/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

一方 [yīfāng] /one side/one party/

由 [yóu] /from/

他 [tā] /he/him/

受 [shòu] /to receive/

有 [yǒu] /to have/there is/there are/to exist/to be/

定金 [dìngjīn] /deposit/

時 [shí] /when/

推定 [tuīdìng] /presume/

其 [qí] /their/

契約 [qìyuē] /agreement/contract/

成立 [chénglì] /establish/set up/

Contracts - Requirement of Meeting of Minds II

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Civil Code:

Article

第 153 條

當事人互相表示意思一致者，無論其為明示或默示，契約即為成立。

當事人對於必要之點，意思一致，而對於非必要之點，未經表示意思者，推定其契約為成立，關於該非必要之點，當事人意思不一致時，法院應依其事件之性質定之。

Article 153

When the parties have reciprocally declared their concordant intent, either expressly or impliedly, a contract shall be constituted.

If the parties agree on all the essential elements of the contract but have expressed no intent as to the non-essential elements, the contract shall be presumed to be constituted. In the absence of an agreement on the above-mentioned non-essential elements, the court shall decide them according to the nature of the affair.

Vocabulary

當事人 [dāngshìrén] /persons involved or implicated/party (to an affair)/

互相 [hùxiāng] /each other/mutually/mutual/

表示 [biǎoshì] /to express/to show/to express/

意思 [yìsī] /idea/opinion/meaning/

一致 [yīzhì] /unanimous/identical (views or opinions)/

者 [zhě] /-ist, -er (person)/person (who does sth)/

無論 [wúlùn] /no matter what|how/regardless of whether.../

其 [qí] /he/she/its

為 [wèi] /to make/

明示 [míngshì] /explicit expression/

或 [huò] /maybe/perhaps/might/possibly/or/

默示 [mòshì] /implied expression/

契約 [qìyuē] /agreement/contract/

即 [jí] /right away/

成立 [chénglì] /establish/set up/

對於 [duìyú] /regarding/as far as (something) is concerned/with regards to/

必要 [bìyào] /necessary/essential/indispensable/required/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

點 [diǎn] /elements/

而 [ér] /but/

非 [fēi] /non-/not-/un-/

未經 [wèijīng] /not (yet)/

推定 [tuīdìng] /presumed/

關於 [guānyú] /pertaining to/concerning/regarding/with regards to/about/

該 [gāi] /that/the above-mentioned/

不一致 [bùyīzhì] /different/

時 [shí] /when/

法院 [fǎyuàn] /court of law/court/

應 [yìng] /shall/

依 [yī] /according to/

事件 [shìjiàn] /event/happening/incident/

性質 [xìngzhì] /nature/characteristic/

Study

明示 explicit

默示 implicit/tacit declaration/

Contracts - Acceptance and Revocation of an Acceptance VI

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Acceptance and Revocation of an Acceptance 6

Civil Code:

Article

第 162 條

撤回要約之通知，其到達在要約到達之後，而按其傳達方法，通常在相當時期內應先時或同時到達，其情形為相對人可得而知者，相對人應向要約人即發遲到之通知。

相對人怠於為前項通知者，其要約撤回之通知，視為未遲到。

Article 162

If a notice of withdrawing an offer arrives after the arrival of the offer itself, though it should usually arrive before or simultaneously with the arrival of the offer within a reasonable time by its transmitting manner, and this might be known to the other party, the other party so notified should notify the offerer immediately of such delay.

If such other party delays the notice specified in the preceding paragraph, the notice of withdrawing the offer shall be deemed to have arrived without delay.

Vocabulary

撤回 [chèhuí] /withdraw/

要約 [yàoyuē] /offer/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

通知 [tōngzhī] /notify/inform/notice/notification/

其 [qí] /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

到達 [dàodá] /to reach/to arrive/

在 [zài] /at/in/

之後 [zhīhòu] /after(wards)/following/later/after/

而 [ér] /語氣詞,無義/

按 [àn] /according to/

傳達 [chuándá] /convey/

方法 [fāngfǎ] /method/way/means/

通常 [tōngcháng] /regular/usual/ordinary/normal/

相當 [xiāngdāng] /appropriate/considerably/to a certain extent/fairly/

時期 [shíqī] /a period in time/period/time (interval)/phase/

內 [nèi] /within/

應 [yìng] /shall/

先時 [xiānshí] /early/in advance/first/

或 [huò] /or/

同時 [tóngshí] /at the same time/simultaneously/

情形 [qíngxing] /circumstances/situation/

為 [wéi] /被/

相對人 [xiāngduìrén] /the concerned person/

可得 [kědé] /can/may/able to/certain(ly)/might/

知 [zhī] /to know/to be aware/

者 [zhě] /-ist, -er (person)/person (who does sth)/

向 [xiàng] /towards/to/

即 [jí] /right away/immediately/

發 [fā] /to send out/to issue/

遲到 [chídào] /to arrive late/

怠於 [dàiyú] /idle/lazy/negligent/careless/

前 [qián] /before/in front/former/previous/earlier/front/

項 [xiàng] /paragraph/

視為 [shìwéi] /(v) deem/see as/regard as/

未 [wèi] /not yet/did not/have not/not/

Contracts - Acceptance and Revocation of an Acceptance V

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Acceptance and Revocation of an Acceptance 5

Civil Code:

Article

第 161 條

依習慣或依其事件之性質，承諾無須通知者，在相當時期內，有可認為承諾之事實時，其契約為成立。

前項規定，於要約人要約當時預先聲明承諾無須通知者，準用之。

Article 161

In cases where according to customs or owing to the nature of the affair, a notice of acceptance is not necessary, the contract shall be constituted when, within a reasonable time, there is a fact, which may be considered as an acceptance of the offer.

The provision of the preceding paragraph shall be mutatis mutandis applied when at the time of offer the offerer has waived notice of acceptance.

Vocabulary

依 [yī] /according to/depend on/

習慣 [xíguàn] /habit/custom/usual practice/to be used to/

或 [huò] /or/

其 [qí] /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

事件 [shìjiàn] /event/happening/incident/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

性質 [xìngzhì] /nature/characteristic/

承諾 [chéngnuò] /promise (to do something)/

無 [wú] /-less/not to have/no/none/not/to lack/un-/

須 [xū] /beard/necessary/must/

通知 [tōngzhī] /notify/inform/notice/notification/

者 [zhě] /-ist, -er (person)/person (who does sth)/

在 [zài] /in/at/

相當 [xiāngdāng] /equivalent to/appropriate/

時期 [shíqī] /a period in time/period/time (interval)/phase/

內 [nèi] /inside/internal/within/

有 [yǒu] /to have/there is/there are/to exist/to be/

可 [kě] /can/may/able to/

認為 [rènwéi] /to believe/to think/to consider/to feel/

事實 [shìshí] /fact/

時 [shí] /o`clock/time/when/hour/season/period/

契約 [qìyuē] /agreement/contract/

為 [wéi] /is/become/

成立 [chénglì] /establish/set up/

前 [qián] /before/in front/ago/former/previous/earlier/front/

項 [xiàng] /paragraph/

規定 [guīdìng] /provision/

於 [yú] /in/at/

要約 [yàoyuē] /offer/

要約人 [yàoyuērén] /contract offeror/

當時 [dāngshí] /then/at that time/while/

預先 [yùxiān] /beforehand/prior/

聲明 [shēngmíng] /statement/declaration/

準用 [zhǔnyòng] /shall apply, where appropriate, to …/apply mutatis mutandis/

Contracts - Acceptance and Revocation of an Acceptance IV

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Acceptance and Revocation of an Acceptance 4

Civil Code:

Article

第 160 條

遲到之承諾，除前條情形外，視為新要約。

將要約擴張、限制或為其他變更而承諾者，視為拒絕原要約而為新要約。

Article 160

An acceptance which arrives late, except under the circumstances in the preceding article, shall be deemed to be a new offer.

An acceptance with amplifications, limitations or other alterations shall be deemed to be a refusal of the original offer and the making of a new offer.

Vocabulary

遲到 [chídào] /to arrive late/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

承諾 [chéngnuò] /promise (to do something)/

除…外 [chú…wài] /except/

前 [qián] /before/in front/ago/former/previous/earlier/front/

條 [tiáo] /article/

情形 [qíngxing] /circumstances/situation/

視為 [shìwéi] /(v) deem/see as/regard as/

新 [xīn] /new/newly/

要約 [yàoyuē] /offer/

將 [jiāng] /把/

擴張 [kuòzhāng] /(v) expand /

限制 [xiànzhì] /(impose) restrictions/to limit/to bound/to restrict/

或 [huò] /or/

為 [wéi] /to make/

其他 [qítā] /other/else/

變更 [biàngēng] /change/alter/modify/

而 [ér] /and/

者 [zhě] /if/

拒絕 [jùjué] /to refuse/to decline/to reject/

原要約 [yuányàoyuē] /original offer/