Wrap up week 3 of July

Here is the wrap-up for week 3 of July.

Information explaining some aspects of the Constitution and the Civil Code.

Contracts - Capacity 3

Contracts - Capacity 2
Contracts - Capacity 1
The Constitution - Sovereignty and Welfare
The Constitution - Territory
The Constitution ... Mainland Affairs

Contracts - Capacity 3

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

Capacity 3

Here is the final installment of capacity as relating to the Civil Code:

Article

第 77 條

限制行為能力人為意思表示及受意思表示，應得法定代理人之允許。但純獲法律上之利益，或依其年齡及身份、日常生活所必需者，不在此限。

Article 77   

The making or receiving of an expression of intent of a person who is limited in capacity to make juridical acts must be approved by his guardian, except when the expression of intent relates to the pure acquisition of a legal advantage, or to the necessaries of life according to his age and status.

Vocabulary

限制行為能力人  [xiànzhì xíngwéi nénglìrén]  /a person who has limited juridical capacity /

為  [wéi]  /to make/

意思表示  [yìsībiǎoshì]  /expressed intention/declaration of will/

及  [jí]  /and/

受  [shòu]  /to receive/

應  [yīng]  /must/

得  [dé]  /to get/to obtain/

法定代理人  [fǎdìng dàilǐrén]  /lawful agent/lawful guardian/

之  [zhī]  /(literary equivalent of 的)/

允許  [yǔnxǔ]  /to permit/to allow/

但  [dàn]  /but/yet/however/only/

純  [chún]  /pure/simple//genuine/

獲  [huò]  /to obtain/to acquire/

法律上  [fǎlüshàng]  /legal/de jure/

利益  [lìyì]  /benefit/(in someone`s) interest/

或  [huò]  /or/

依  [yī]  /according to/depend on/near to/

其  [qí]  /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

年齡  [niánlíng]  /(a person`s) age/

身份  [shēnfèn]  /identity/status/

日常  [rìcháng]  /daily/everyday/

生活  [shēnghuó]  /life/activity/

所  [suǒ]  /語氣詞,無義/

必需  [bìxū]  /essential/indispensable/

者  [zhě]  /-ist, -er (person)/person (who does sth)/

不在此限 [bùzàicǐxiàn]  /shall not be subject to this restriction/

Study:

The following are common law terms you may encounter in the Civil Code:

不在此限  /shall not be subject to this restriction/

第 26 條

（法人權利能力）

法人於法令限制內，有享受權利、負擔義務之能力。但專屬於自然人之權利義務，不在此限。

Article 26   

Within the limits prescribed by acts and regulations, a juridical person is capable of enjoy rights and assume duties with the exception of those rights and obligations which are exclusively appertaining to natural persons.

不可抗力  /force majeure/

第 645 條

（運送物喪失時之運送費）

運送物於運送中，因不可抗力而喪失者，運送人不得請求運費，其因運送而已受領之數額，應返還之。

Article 645   

The carrier is not entitled to the freight of goods which arc lost by force majeure during transportation. Whatever has been received for that purpose shall be returned.

依下列規定  /pursuant to the following regulations/

第 875-2 條

為同一債權之擔保，於數不動產上設定抵押權者，各抵押物對債權分擔之金額，依下列規定計算之：

Article 875- 2

If a mortgage is created on multiple real properties for the purpose of securing the same claim, the amount to be apportioned toward the claim from each of the mortgaged properties shall be calculated as follows:

準用  /shall apply, where appropriate, to/ 

第 895 條

（準用處分抵押物之規定）

第八百七十八條之規定，於動產質權準用之。

Article 895   

The provisions of Article 878 shall apply mutatis mutandis to pledges of personal property.

Contracts - Capacity 2

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

Capacity 2

More laws pertaining to capacity in the Civil Code:

Article

第 76 條

無行為能力人由法定代理人代為意思表示，並代受意思表示。

Article 76   

A person who has no capacity to make juridical acts shall be represented by his guardian for making or receiving an expression of intent.

Vocabulary

無行為能力人  [wúxíngwéi nénglìrén]  /a person who has no juridical capacity/

由  [yóu]  /follow/from/reason/cause/because of/due to/

法定  [fǎdìng]  /(adj) legal; of a legal nature/

代理人  [dàilǐrén]  /agent/

代  [dài]  /substitute/replace/

為  [wèi]  /to make/

意思表示  [yìsībiǎoshì]  /expressed intention/declaration of will/

並  [bìng]  /and/

受  [shòu]  /to receive/

Study:

The civil code of Taiwan separates juridical capacity into 4 types:

無行為能力人  A person who has no juridical capacity

限制行為能力人  A person with limited juridical capacity

行為能力人  A person with juridical capacity

禁治產人  Interdicted – no juridical capacity

According to Article 13 of the Civil Code the ages for the above mentioned persons are as follows

無行為能力人  0-6

限制行為能力人  7-20

行為能力人  20+ or persons who are minors but have married(According to Article 980 - 18 for men and 16 for women)

More articles pertaining to capacity in the Civil Code:

第 15 條

（禁治產人之能力）

禁治產人，無行為能力。

Article 15   

Those who are interdicted have no capacity to make juridical acts.

第 13 條

（未成年人及其行為能力）

未滿七歲之未成年人，無行為能力。

滿七歲以上之未成年人，有限制行為能力。

未成年人已結婚者，有行為能力。

Article 13   

The minor, who has not reached their seventh year of age, has no capacity to make juridical acts.

The minor, who is over seven years of age, has a limited capacity to make juridical acts.

The married minor has the capacity to make juridical acts.

Contracts - Capacity 1

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

The next few articles will be dedicated to the articles of the Civil Code pertaining to contracts.

Capacity 1

Article

第 75 條

無行為能力人之意思表示，無效；雖非無行為能力人，而其意思表示，係在無意識或精神錯亂中所為者亦同。

Article 75   

The expression of intent of a person who has no capacity to make juridical acts is void. An expression is also void which is made by a person who, though not without capacity to make juridical acts, in a condition of unconsciousness or mental disorder.

Vocabulary

無行為能力人  [wúxíngwéi nénglìrén]  /a person who has no juridical capacity/

之  [zhī]  /(literary equivalent of 的)/

意思表示  [yìsībiǎoshì]  /expressed intention/declaration of will/

無效  [wúxiào]  /not valid/ineffective/in vain/

雖  [suī]  /although/even though/

非  [fēi]  /non-/not-/un-/

而  [ér]  /rather/but/

其  [qí]  /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

係  [xì]  /is/

在  [zài]  /(before verbs) immediately involved in/

無意識  [wúyìshì]  /unconsciously/

或  [huò]  /or/

精神錯亂  [jīngshéncuòluàn]  /insanity/

中  [zhōng]  /while (doing sth)/during/

所  [suǒ]  /such/the aforementioned/

為  [wéi]  /to make/

者  [zhě]  /的/

亦  [yì]  /also/

同  [tóng]  /like/same/similar/together/alike/with/

Character study:

亦

相當於「也」、「也是」

者

人或事物的代稱。如：「記者」﹑「作者」

雖

雖然、儘管。表示容忍讓步。孟子˙滕文公上：「詩曰：周雖舊邦，其命惟新」

係

是  -  如：「確係」、「實係」

Examples of above, can be found in the Civil Code:

第 346 條

（買賣價金）

價金雖未具體約定，而依情形可得而定者，視為定有價金...

Article 346   

Although the price is not fixed concretely by the agreement, if it may be decided from the circumstances, it is deemed to be fixed…..

第 167 條

（意定代理權之授與）

代理權係以法律行為授與者...

Article 167   

If authority of agency is conferred by a juridical act….

The Constitution - Sovereignty and Welfare

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

Republican Philosophy:

Article 2 of the Constitution states:

第 2 條

中華民國之主權屬於國民全體。

Article 2

The sovereignty of the Republic of China shall reside in the whole body of citizens.

Vocabulary

中華民國  [Zhōnghuámínguó]  /Republic of China/

之  [zhī]  /(literary equivalent of 的)/

主權  [zhǔquán]  /sovereignty/

屬於  [shǔyú]  /be classified as/to belong to/to be part of/

國民  [guómín]  /national/nation/national people/

全體  [quántǐ]  /all/entire/

Article 2 further enunciates the republican philosophy adopted by Taiwan.

Social Welfare:

Article 142 of the Constitution states:

第 142 條

國民經濟應以民生主義為基本原則，實施平均地權，節制資本，以謀國計

民生之均足。

Article 142

National economy shall be based on the Principle of People’ s Livelihood and shall seek to effect equalization of land ownership and restriction of private capital in order to attain a well-balanced sufficiency in national wealth and people's livelihood.

Vocabulary

國民  [guómín]  /national/

經濟  [jīngjì]  /economy/economic/

應  [yìng]  /shall/

以  [yǐ]  /according to/so as to/in order to/by/

民生主義  [mínshēngzhǔyì]  /principle of people`s livelihood/people`s welfare/

為  [wéi]  /是/is/

基本  [jīběn]  /basic/fundamental/main/

原則  [yuánzé]  /principle/

實施  [shíshī]  /to implement/to carry out/

平均  [píngjūn]  /average/

地權  [dìquán]  /land ownership/land rights/

節制  [jiézhì]  /temperance/

資本  [zīběn]  /capital (as in capitalism)/

謀  [móu]  /to plan/seek/scheme/intend to/

國計  [guójì]  /national wealth/national economic condition/

之  [zhī]  /(literary equivalent of 的)/

均  [jūn]  /equal/even/uniform/each/

足  [zú]  /to be sufficient/

Taiwan is not considered a welfare state, but certain social welfare rights are guaranteed by the government.

The Constitution - Territory

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

Article 4 of the Constitution states:

第 4 條

中華民國領土，依其固有之疆域，非經國民大會之決議，不得變更之。

Article 4

The territory of the Republic of China according to its existing national boundaries shall not be altered except by resolution of the National Assembly.

Vocabulary

中華民國  [Zhōnghuámínguó]  /Republic of China/

領土  [lǐngtǔ]  /territory/

依  [yī]  /according to/depend on/

其  [qí]  /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

固有  [gùyǒu]  /(v) be intrinsic or inherent to sth/existing/

之  [zhī]  /(literary equivalent of 的)/

疆域  [jiāngyù]  /territory/

非  [fēi]  /non-/not-/un-/

經  [jīng]  /pass through/to undergo/

國民大會  [guómíndàhuì]  /National Assembly/

決議  [juéyì]  /resolution/

不得  [bùdé]  /must not/may not/not be allowed/cannot/

變更  [biàngēng]  /change/alter/modify/

This Article was amended by the first amendment of the Constitution which states:  ”The electors of the free area of the Republic of China shall cast ballots at a referendum within three months of the expiration of a six-month period following the public announcement of a proposal passed by the Legislative Yuan on the amendment of the Constitution or alteration of the national territory. The provisions of Article 4 and Article 174 of the Constitution shall not apply.” 

Some grammar usage tips:

1)

其 － 置於句中或句末。用於彼﹑何之後。

其 is used to refer to something preceeding it, and in this Article 其 refers to 中華民國領土。

Example in the Civil Code:

第 155 條

（要約之失效（一）－拒絕要約）

要約經拒絕者，失其拘束力。

Article 155   

An offer ceases to be binding if it is refused.

2)

非經，未經 － Has not gone through, has not been registered.

Example in the Civil Code:

第 30 條

法人非經向主管機關登記，不得成立。

Article 30   

A juridical person can not be established unless it has been registered with the relevant authorities.

經 － 歷、過。 學法律需要經年累月的努力.

To learn the law requires many years of accumulative effort.