Contracts - Agency II

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Articles in the Civil Code regarding agency:

Article

第 103 條

代理人於代理權限內，以本人名義所為之意思表示，直接對本人發生效力。

前項規定，於應向本人為意思表示，而向其代理人為之者，準用之。

Article 103

An expression of intent which an agent makes in the name of the principal within the scope of his delegated power takes effect directly to the principal.

If an expression of intent which is required to be made to the principal is made to his agent, the provision of the preceding paragraph shall be mutatis mutandis applied.

Vocabulary

代理人 [dàilǐrén] /agent/

於 [yú] /in/at/

代理 [dàilǐ] /acting (temporarily filling a position)/

權限 [quánxiàn] /(n) limits to rights/

內 [nèi] /inside/inner/internal/within/interior/

以 [yǐ] /to use/according to/so as to/in order to/by/with/because/

本人 [běnrén] /principal/

名義 [míngyì] /(do something) in (someone`s) name/

所 [suǒ] /語氣詞,無義/

為 [wèi] /to make/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

意思表示 [yìsībiǎoshì] /expressed intention/declaration of will/

直接 [zhíjiē] /direct (opposite of indirect)/immediate/directly/straightforward/

對 [duì] /to be opposite/to oppose/to face/for/to/

發生 [fāshēng] /to happen/to occur/to take place/

效力 [xiàolì] /(n) positive effect; efficacy/binding effect/

前 [qián] /before/in front/ago/former/previous/earlier/front/

項 [xiàng] /sub-paragraph/

規定 [guīdìng] /provision/to fix/to set/to formulate/to stipulate/to provide/

應 [yìng] /shall/

向 [xiàng] /towards/to/

而 [ér] /and/as well as/but (not)/yet (not)/however/

其 [qí] /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

者 [zhě] /-ist, -er (person)/person (who does sth)/

之 [zhī] /it/

準用 [zhǔnyòng] /shall apply, where appropriate, to …/apply mutatis mutandis/

Grammar Points:

內

The character 內 in this sense means ‘within’ as in ‘within the scope of rights’(權限內)We can see more examples in the following articles within the Civil Code:

第 1092 條

（委託監護人）

父母對其未成年之子女，得因特定事項，於一定期限內，委託他人行使監護之職務。

Article 1092

In regard to a minor child, parents may authorize another person to perform the function of a guardian for specific matters and within a fixed period.

第 1158 條

（償還債務之限制）

繼承人在前條所定之一定期限內，不得對於被繼承人之任何債權人償還債務。

Article 1158

An heir shall not, within the specified period of time provided by the preceding Article, make repayment to any of the deceased's creditors.

Wrap-up for week 3 of November

Here it is......

Monday - The Constitution - Mainland Affairs II
Tuesday - The Constitution - Territory II
Wednesday - The Constitution - Sovereignty and Welfare II
Thursday - Contracts - Capacity IV
Friday - Contracts - Capacity V
Saturday - Contracts - Capacity VI

Contracts - Capacity VI

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

Capacity 3

Here is the final installment of capacity as relating to the Civil Code:

Article

第 77 條

限制行為能力人為意思表示及受意思表示，應得法定代理人之允許。但純獲法律上之利益，或依其年齡及身份、日常生活所必需者，不在此限。

Article 77

The making or receiving of an expression of intent of a person who is limited in capacity to make juridical acts must be approved by his guardian, except when the expression of intent relates to the pure acquisition of a legal advantage, or to the necessaries of life according to his age and status.

Vocabulary

限制行為能力人 [xiànzhì xíngwéi nénglìrén] /a person who has limited juridical capacity /

為 [wéi] /to make/

意思表示 [yìsībiǎoshì] /expressed intention/declaration of will/

及 [jí] /and/

受 [shòu] /to receive/

應 [yīng] /must/

得 [dé] /to get/to obtain/

法定代理人 [fǎdìng dàilǐrén] /lawful agent/lawful guardian/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

允許 [yǔnxǔ] /to permit/to allow/

但 [dàn] /but/yet/however/only/

純 [chún] /pure/simple//genuine/

獲 [huò] /to obtain/to acquire/

法律上 [fǎlüshàng] /legal/de jure/

利益 [lìyì] /benefit/(in someone`s) interest/

或 [huò] /or/

依 [yī] /according to/depend on/near to/

其 [qí] /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

年齡 [niánlíng] /(a person`s) age/

身份 [shēnfèn] /identity/status/

日常 [rìcháng] /daily/everyday/

生活 [shēnghuó] /life/activity/

所 [suǒ] /語氣詞,無義/

必需 [bìxū] /essential/indispensable/

者 [zhě] /-ist, -er (person)/person (who does sth)/

不在此限 [bùzàicǐxiàn] /shall not be subject to this restriction/

Study:

The following are common law terms you may encounter in the Civil Code:

不在此限 /shall not be subject to this restriction/

第 26 條

（法人權利能力）

法人於法令限制內，有享受權利、負擔義務之能力。但專屬於自然人之權利義務，不在此限。

Article 26

Within the limits prescribed by acts and regulations, a juridical person is capable of enjoy rights and assume duties with the exception of those rights and obligations which are exclusively appertaining to natural persons.

不可抗力 /force majeure/

第 645 條

（運送物喪失時之運送費）

運送物於運送中，因不可抗力而喪失者，運送人不得請求運費，其因運送而已受領之數額，應返還之。

Article 645

The carrier is not entitled to the freight of goods which arc lost by force majeure during transportation. Whatever has been received for that purpose shall be returned.

依下列規定 /pursuant to the following regulations/

第 875-2 條

為同一債權之擔保，於數不動產上設定抵押權者，各抵押物對債權分擔之金額，依下列規定計算之：

Article 875- 2

If a mortgage is created on multiple real properties for the purpose of securing the same claim, the amount to be apportioned toward the claim from each of the mortgaged properties shall be calculated as follows:

準用 /shall apply, where appropriate, to/

第 895 條

（準用處分抵押物之規定）

第八百七十八條之規定，於動產質權準用之。

Article 895

The provisions of Article 878 shall apply mutatis mutandis to pledges of personal property.

Contracts - Capacity V

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

Capacity 2

More laws pertaining to capacity in the Civil Code:

Article

第 76 條

無行為能力人由法定代理人代為意思表示，並代受意思表示。

Article 76

A person who has no capacity to make juridical acts shall be represented by his guardian for making or receiving an expression of intent.

Vocabulary

無行為能力人 [wúxíngwéi nénglìrén] /a person who has no juridical capacity/

由 [yóu] /follow/from/reason/cause/because of/due to/

法定 [fǎdìng] /(adj) legal; of a legal nature/

代理人 [dàilǐrén] /agent/

代 [dài] /substitute/replace/

為 [wèi] /to make/

意思表示 [yìsībiǎoshì] /expressed intention/declaration of will/

並 [bìng] /and/

受 [shòu] /to receive/

Study:

The civil code of Taiwan separates juridical capacity into 4 types:

無行為能力人 A person who has no juridical capacity

限制行為能力人 A person with limited juridical capacity

行為能力人 A person with juridical capacity

禁治產人 Interdicted – no juridical capacity

According to Article 13 of the Civil Code the ages for the above mentioned persons are as follows

無行為能力人 0-6

限制行為能力人 7-20

行為能力人 20+ or persons who are minors but have married(According to Article 980 - 18 for men and 16 for women)

More articles pertaining to capacity in the Civil Code:

第 15 條

（禁治產人之能力）

禁治產人，無行為能力。

Article 15

Those who are interdicted have no capacity to make juridical acts.

第 13 條

（未成年人及其行為能力）

未滿七歲之未成年人，無行為能力。

滿七歲以上之未成年人，有限制行為能力。

未成年人已結婚者，有行為能力。

Article 13

The minor, who has not reached their seventh year of age, has no capacity to make juridical acts.

The minor, who is over seven years of age, has a limited capacity to make juridical acts.

The married minor has the capacity to make juridical acts.

Contracts - Capacity IV

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

The next few articles will be dedicated to the articles of the Civil Code pertaining to contracts.

Capacity 1

Article

第 75 條

無行為能力人之意思表示，無效；雖非無行為能力人，而其意思表示，係在無意識或精神錯亂中所為者亦同。

Article 75

The expression of intent of a person who has no capacity to make juridical acts is void. An expression is also void which is made by a person who, though not without capacity to make juridical acts, in a condition of unconsciousness or mental disorder.

Vocabulary

無行為能力人 [wúxíngwéi nénglìrén] /a person who has no juridical capacity/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

意思表示 [yìsībiǎoshì] /expressed intention/declaration of will/

無效 [wúxiào] /not valid/ineffective/in vain/

雖 [suī] /although/even though/

非 [fēi] /non-/not-/un-/

而 [ér] /rather/but/

其 [qí] /his/her/its/theirs/that/such/it (refers to sth preceding it)/

係 [xì] /is/

在 [zài] /(before verbs) immediately involved in/

無意識 [wúyìshì] /unconsciously/

或 [huò] /or/

精神錯亂 [jīngshéncuòluàn] /insanity/

中 [zhōng] /while (doing sth)/during/

所 [suǒ] /such/the aforementioned/

為 [wéi] /to make/

者 [zhě] /的/

亦 [yì] /also/

同 [tóng] /like/same/similar/together/alike/with/

Character study:

亦

相當於「也」、「也是」

者

人或事物的代稱。如：「記者」﹑「作者」

雖

雖然、儘管。表示容忍讓步。孟子˙滕文公上：「詩曰：周雖舊邦，其命惟新」

係

是 - 如：「確係」、「實係」

Examples of above, can be found in the Civil Code:

第 346 條

（買賣價金）

價金雖未具體約定，而依情形可得而定者，視為定有價金...

Article 346

Although the price is not fixed concretely by the agreement, if it may be decided from the circumstances, it is deemed to be fixed…..

第 167 條

（意定代理權之授與）

代理權係以法律行為授與者...

Article 167

If authority of agency is conferred by a juridical act….

The Constitution - Sovereignty and Welfare II

Original post by www.taiwanlawresources.com

Republican Philosophy:

Article 2 of the Constitution states:

第 2 條

中華民國之主權屬於國民全體。

Article 2

The sovereignty of the Republic of China shall reside in the whole body of citizens.

Vocabulary

中華民國 [Zhōnghuámínguó] /Republic of China/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

主權 [zhǔquán] /sovereignty/

屬於 [shǔyú] /be classified as/to belong to/to be part of/

國民 [guómín] /national/nation/national people/

全體 [quántǐ] /all/entire/

Article 2 further enunciates the republican philosophy adopted by Taiwan.

Social Welfare:

Article 142 of the Constitution states:

第 142 條

國民經濟應以民生主義為基本原則，實施平均地權，節制資本，以謀國計

民生之均足。

Article 142

National economy shall be based on the Principle of People’ s Livelihood and shall seek to effect equalization of land ownership and restriction of private capital in order to attain a well-balanced sufficiency in national wealth and people's livelihood.

Vocabulary

國民 [guómín] /national/

經濟 [jīngjì] /economy/economic/

應 [yìng] /shall/

以 [yǐ] /according to/so as to/in order to/by/

民生主義 [mínshēngzhǔyì] /principle of people`s livelihood/people`s welfare/

為 [wéi] /是/is/

基本 [jīběn] /basic/fundamental/main/

原則 [yuánzé] /principle/

實施 [shíshī] /to implement/to carry out/

平均 [píngjūn] /average/

地權 [dìquán] /land ownership/land rights/

節制 [jiézhì] /temperance/

資本 [zīběn] /capital (as in capitalism)/

謀 [móu] /to plan/seek/scheme/intend to/

國計 [guójì] /national wealth/national economic condition/

之 [zhī] /(literary equivalent of 的)/

均 [jūn] /equal/even/uniform/each/

足 [zú] /to be sufficient/

Taiwan is not considered a welfare state, but certain social welfare rights are guaranteed by the government.